With almost 50 books to her name, the formidably intelligent Margaret Atwood is a force to be reckoned with. She talks to Robert McCrum about cowardly politicians, her love of birds and why she's joined the Twitterati.

It's 25 years since the publication of her dystopic masterpiece The Handmaid's Tale, but Margaret Atwood firmly resists the suggestion that she might be an icon of Canadian literature.

"What does that mean?" she counters in her distinctive prairie monotone, somewhere between a drone and a drawl. "I don't like being an icon." A thin ironic smile. "It invites iconoclasm. Canada is a balloon-puncturing country. You are not really allowed to be an icon unless you also make an idiot of yourself."

Now no one has ever dared suggest that Margaret Atwood, a famously scary and prodigiously gifted Canadian intellectual with nearly 50 books to her name - poetry, fiction, critical essays, books for children, radio and film scripts, anthologies and collections of short stories - would ever willingly make an idiot of herself in public. But here's the big surprise: lately she's become game for a laugh. "If you want to see me make an idiot of myself in public," she goes on in that inimitably dry timbre, "you can look it up. Margaret Atwood plus goalie plus Rick Mercer."

It turns out Mercer is an entertainer who performed this national service when he insisted that the author of The Edible Woman, Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin (which won the Booker Prize in 2000) should get kitted up as an ice-hockey goalie for television in an item entitled "how to stop a puck".

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At first Atwood demurred. "No," said Mercer. "You've got to be a goalie." "Why," she asked. "Because it will be funny," he said.

Mercer was right. It is funny. Not hilarious, but weird. And here's the kicker, which seems to give Atwood a surprising amount of satisfaction. "So I was a goalie," she concludes. "And it went viral on the internet."

Cyberspace, it seems, is where she is most at home these days.

A long time ago, in fact less than a year - "but time goes all stretchy in the Twittersphere, just as it does in those folk songs in which the hero spends a night with the queen of the faeries and then returns to find that 100 years have passed and all his friends are dead" - Atwood was advised by the people who were building the website to promote her new novel, The Year of the Flood (2009), that it should include a Twitterfeed.

"'A what?' I said, innocent as an egg unboiled. 'Should I know of Twitter? I thought it was for kiddies'."

Atwood can come across as humourless and severe, but I think her deadpan manner is just the shell with which she protects her fierce, inquisitive intelligence. "So I plunged in and set up a Twitter account."

Her first problem was that there were already two Margaret Atwoods, one of them with her picture. Eventually these imposters "disappeared". She's the kind of woman who you imagine generally gets her own way like that.

Next she was told she should collect "followers". No problem. There's something contagious about Atwood's imagination: her tweets went viral, too. A few months back she had 33,500 followers. Now she has 97,500, a community of literati, techno geeks, greens, gawkers and thrill-seekers, i.e. pretty much anyone who might pick up an Atwood novel. "There's a whole world out there of which we know nothing," she says. If ever there was an incitement to her imagination, it is the mystery of the world wide web. "You could not make it up," she concludes.

Atwood has just turned 71. After a career that began in a university library and was then spent hunched over a keyboard, she finds the new electronic world "an odd and uncanny place", but plainly relishes it. Just before we met, she caused a momentary, quasi-literary frisson by contacting two of her followers, a clinical neurologist from Detroit and an Atlanta writer suffering from an auto-immune disease, offering to design "superhero comix costumes" for their avatar alter egos "Kidneyboy" and "Dr Snit".

Characteristically, she was inspired by a mixture of language, science, fantasy and sheer make-believe. "I thought it would be fun. Their names were so evocative, I asked them what magic powers they would like to have." And then she went one better. Exploiting Twitpic, Atwood posted her designs on the internet, with cartoons of Dr Snit trampling "her arch-enemy", the Paniac, underfoot.

If this also seems weird, in Atwood's mind it connects directly to her childhood. "I grew up in the woods. Don't even think rural. That implies farms. No, we're talking" - a dramatic downshift in tone - "in the woods. A settlement of about six houses [a research station] with no access by car. No electricity. No running water." Young Peggy put this remoteness to good use. "Reading and writing are connected," she explains. "I learned to read very early so I could read the comics, which I then started to draw."

Atwood breaks off here with a scholarly aside about Captain Marvel, Superman and the origin of "Shazam!" (formed from the initial letters of classical gods, as Z for Zeus etc). She and her older brother "had a whole galaxy going", she remembers. "Our superheroes were flying rabbits. His came fully equipped with spaceships and weaponry. My rabbits were more frivolous. They were keen on balloons and did a lot of twirling about in the air. The pictures I have of them [which she's kept] show these rather eerie smiles."

At this point, with her own eerie smile, the childhood memories stop and we return abruptly to her work. Fiercely committed to her art, she draws a distinction between science fiction (not for her) and what she calls "speculative fiction" (The Handmaid's Tale and its successors, Oryx and Crake and The Year of The Flood). "I don't do flying rabbits any more. I've never done other planets, except as one thread in The Blind Assassin." Still, the novel won the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987, though she was promptly disowned by the sci-fi community after she disparaged "talking squids in outer space".

Atwood's pressing interest, as the daughter of an eminent Canadian entomologist, is our planet and its future. Nothing seems more important to her, and since this concern animates almost everything she does, her conversation segues as easily into global warming as Canadian literature: "The threat to the planet is us. It's actually not a threat to the planet - it's a threat to us."

She goes on: "The planet will be okay in its own way. No matter what we do to it, we won't eliminate every last life form from it." As evidence of this, there's the Canadian city of Sudbury, a favourite of Atwood's. When she was growing up in the 1940s, the place was as "barren as the moon" through overlogging, forest fires and relentless mining. "All the rain was acid," she says. It was so bad that "a Sudbury" became a unit of pollution. But then a volunteer programme of regeneration was launched. Earth and seeds were painstakingly stuffed into the cracks between the rocks. Now, "Sudbury has forests again, birds in the trees and fish in the streams." For her, Sudbury, "a symbol of hope", offers a paradigm for the planet.

And so, "some form of life will remain after us. We shouldn't be saying 'save the planet', we should be saying 'save viable conditions in which people can live'."

Atwood likes to tell the amoeba's tale as an illustration of the "magic moment" at which planet Earth now finds itself. "There's this test tube, and it's full of amoeba food. You put one amoeba in at noon. The amoeba divides in two every minute. At midnight the test tube is full of amoebas - and there's no food left. Question: at what moment in time is the tube half full? Answer: one minute to midnight. That's where we are apparently. That's when all the amoebas are saying: 'We are fine. There's half a tube of food left.'

"If you don't believe me," Atwood persists, "look at the proposed heat maps for 20, 30, 50 years from now, and see what's drying up.

"Quite a lot, actually, especially in the equatorial regions and the Middle East, which will be like a raisin. It's become a race against time and we are not doing well. The trouble with politicians [at events like the Copenhagen summit of 2009] is that no one wants to go first, go skinny dipping and take the plunge. Oh, and then you have people arguing about fatuous things like the environment and human rights. Go three days without water and you don't have any humans, right? Why? Because you're dead. Physics and chemistry are things you just can't negotiate with. These are the laws of the physical world."

Atwood's love for, and understanding of, the world about us comes from her childhood in the woods and her lifelong passion for birdwatching (more tweets). She is the honorary president of the Rare Bird Club and when she took her novel The Year of the Flood on a book tour across Britain and Canada - a trip that was "like setting fire to myself and shooting myself out of a cannon" - it became an all-blogging multimedia green circus that was also fundraising for the RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds), and rooted in the natural as much as the literary world.

"There's nothing," she says, "like squelching through the drizzle after watching the release of the young white-tailed eagles that Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Scotland is reintroducing into their once-native territory."

As well as raising awareness of rare-bird vulnerability, she also champions "virtuous coffee consumption". As a result she's had a coffee bean named after her, Balzac's Atwood Blend, which is part of a fundraiser for the Pelee Island Trust in Canada's Lake Erie. Spend any time with Atwood and, as well as the flow of compelling, sardonic commentary on the state of the world, and any number of fictional characters from Becky Sharp to Dan Dare, you'll be assaulted by an extraordinary number of Good Causes.

Is she, I wondered, not something of a Victorian in her prodigious output and range of interests? "Oh yes," she replies unfazed. "Victorian literature was my subject at Harvard." Now, finally, we are beginning to approach the origins of her best work.

The Handmaid's Tale is the embodiment of Atwood's aesthetic approach, in which she places "science" as much as "fiction" at the heart of an urgent creative matrix. In the first place, she does not make a fetish of literature. "Human creativity," she instructs, "is not confined to just a few areas of life. The techno-scientific world has some of the most creative people you'll ever meet. When I was growing up, I never saw a division. For instance, my brother [a senior neurophysiologist specialising in the synapse] and I both have the same marks in English and in the sciences."

When Atwood slips unconsciously into the present tense it's as if she is once again an overachieving high-school kid competing for the glittering prizes. "My brother could have gone in the writing direction. And I could have been a scientist." It takes very little effort of the imagination to picture Atwood in a lab coat, supervising a team of cutting-edge researchers.

It's sometimes said that Atwood started out as a poet, and there are plenty of Atwood readers in Canada who prefer her poetry (collections such as The Door and Morning in the Burned House) to her fiction. She insists that this is so only because "I got the poetry published first". She has always been a literary polymath. "I began as all of the things that I currently do: fiction, poetry and non-fiction."

The turning point in her creative fortunes occurred when she took a graduate course in American literature at Harvard. "I'm the only person you've ever met who has read Longfellow." Her interest in the puritan prose of the pre-American revolutionary period comes from her family. Some of her ancestors "were puritan New Englanders" and she puts The Handmaid's Tale firmly in this context: "Nothing comes from nothing."

Long before the revolution, she goes on, "the Salem witch trials provide a template that continues to recur in America. That's why I set The Handmaid's Tale in Cambridge, Massachusetts" and borrowed several recognisable features of the university landscape. "Harvard was sniffy about it at first." Another thin smile of caustic satisfaction. "But they've come round."

The Handmaid's Tale is set in the near future, in the Republic of Gilead, a country coterminous with the former United States in which a group of radical chauvinists has seized control. The story of a person named Offred (Of Fred) is the bleak tale of a woman kept as a reproductive concubine of a member of the ruling class. More Huxley than Orwell, Atwood riffs on feminist motifs with a fierce ingenuity that still seems as dateless yet topical as when it first appeared.

One strand in the evolution of her dystopic vision derives from her (unfinished) graduate thesis on the "English Metaphysical Romance", which somehow took in the work of George MacDonald through Rider Haggard, C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien. "I was always very interested in supernatural female figures," she says. Still, it was a long journey to the speculative vision that characterises Atwood's work today. First of all, there was the small matter of establishing a distinctive Canadian literary voice. The making of a Canadian identity is, she says, part of all Canadians' struggle for survival. The theme of overcoming the odds in a hostile natural world runs through many of her books.

When Atwood started to write there was virtually no Canadian literature, apart from commercial fiction such as L.M. Montgomery's wildly popular Anne of Green Gables.

"When they tried to put together an Oxford Book of Canadian Literary Anecdotes," she reports with a mischievous ｅxpression, "they couldn't do it. There were simply not enough dead people." In 1960, for example, there were just five novels by Canadian writers published by Canadian publishers in Canada.

"When you talk about my generation," she says, "I am that generation. When I started in Canada it was very hard to be a writer. Very few Canadian writers were published, even in Canada. If you wrote a novel you were told that there weren't enough readers in Canada, you must get a publisher in Britain, or the US. Then - catch 22 - you were told your work was too Canadian."

Perhaps only the Atwood who sees science and literature as twins, and who began to write far out "in the woods", someone who has forged an identity for herself far from the metropolitan ivory towers of the English literary tradition, could have come up with perhaps her most innovative literary creation, the Long Pen, a remote signature device conceived to enable her to sign copies of her books for the fans without leaving home.

It was launched, disastrously, at the London Book Fair four years ago.

"Now it has gone," she says mysteriously, "in other directions, which I will be promoting in March 2011. The original idea six years ago, before the advent of ebooks, was that the publishing industry could not afford to send writers out on tour, but there was an appetite for signed books." She drops into a characteristic moment of pedagogy: "Canada has always been interested in communications networks. Why? Because it's so big. Alexander Graham Bell was no accident. It was not surprising, really, that we were the most wired country in the world first. We addressed the question of how to be in a place you're not.

"So we invented a remote, web-based signature. Handwriting is complex. Now we can go to any country, and so long as they have a reasonable internet connection we can reproduce handwriting by remote signal."

Did she have the vision of the Long Pen on her own? Not exactly. "Well, I was the one who had the initial, idiotic apercu. Then the people with propellers on their heads developed it. Apparently we have been trying to do this since the 19th century."

Atwood's luck was to have the idea "at the same time as the software existed. The G-forces involved in handwriting turn out to be incredibly strong. So the technology has to be durable, flexible and accurate - and now it exists."

The passion with which she discusses her invention far outruns her enthusiasm for her own work. In no time she begins to describe the non-literary applications of the Long Pen.

"There are a lot of things that cannot be verified by digital codes. Your will, for instance, has to be signed. It can't be a copy to be legal. The point is," she says, "that 'let's get people to think like machines' has evolved into 'let's get machines to think like people'." Part of her enthusiasm is commercial. Atwood has a stake in the success of the Long Pen. She will be a formidable advocate for its development, when the commercial launch occurs next year.

"Your writing is you," she says. "Your fingerprints can be detached. I learned that from Sherlock Holmes. Holmes was my hero." Off we go down another path. Conan Doyle turns out to be "a real model of how to kill off your main character and bring him back life". From Conan Doyle the conversation swings through H.G. Wells to Huxley, to Nineteen Eighty-Four. So I wonder: does she choose Huxley or Orwell?

"We may get both at once. As William Gibson says, 'the future is already here, but it's unevenly distributed'. It's a race against time, because we're already overloaded with nine billion people. At what point do the people with pitchforks and torches come and burn down your lab?"

She drops into a stage whisper. "Physics and chemistry. [The world] can't be sustained. The world is this big, and we can't make it any bigger. You can't put any more unrenewable resources on to it. There's a lot of high-tech thinking going on. It's that trend versus famine, flood, drought."

Listening to Atwood's litany of despair, it's hard not to conclude that the future offers a bleak picture. "Well, it is ..." says Atwood. Then suddenly she brightens up, like one of her cartoon characters. "And it isn't. Let's just say it's ... a super-challenge."

- OBSERVER

By Robert McCrum