http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/
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The OWL at Purdue University
OWL Resource
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MLA Formatting and Style Guide
Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th ed.) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2nd ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA.
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.
If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th edition). Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2nd edition). The MLA Handbook is available in most writing labs and reference libraries; it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site. See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual. Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.
General Guidelines
- Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper,
- Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font like Times New Roman or Courier. The font size should be 10-12 pt.
- Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).
- Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides. Indent the first line of a paragraph one half-inch (five spaces or press tab once) from the left margin.
- Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page. Always follow your instructor's guidelines.)
- Use either italics or underlining throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis.
- If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page.
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper
- Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.
- In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
- Double space again and center the title. Don't underline your title or put it in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case, not in all capital letters.
- Use quotation marks and underlining or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text, e.g.,
- Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play
- Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"
- Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
- Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow their guidelines.)
Here is a sample first page of an essay in MLA style:
Image Caption: A sample first page of an MLA-formatted paper.
Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA:
Entire Website
The Purdue OWL. 26 Aug. 2008. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 23 April 2008
Individual Resources
Purdue OWL. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The online Writing Lab at Purdue. 10 May 2008. Purdue University Writing Lab. 12 May 2008
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First draft Introduction |
Writing a Research Paper
The First DraftBody paragraphs and integrating sourcesYour body paragraphs are perhaps the most important part of your paper; without them your thesis is meaningless and your research question . . . well . . . remains an unanswered question. The number of paragraphs you have will entirely depend on the length of your paper and the complexity of each subtopic. However, after you have begun to double space your prose, there should be a new paragraph somewhere on each page; a page without an indent is usually a signal that a paragraph somewhere is running too long. Moving through your essay should be like strolling through hilly terrain. At the hill peaks, you introduce your readers to the 'bigger picture' with more general, abstract words. Then you descend the hill from these heights of generality to the examples down in the valleys. Here you explain in concrete terms what you mean by your lofty claims and show them in action. Eventually, you make your way back up again so that readers can see the examples in their context, that is, what they mean to the bigger picture. This is how your essay should flow: up and down and up again. If, on the other hand, your valleys mutate into vast prairies, readers begin to lose a sense of the original general assertions. Or, if your peaks become heady plateaus, the audience will get dizzy from the high altitude and long for examples in the concrete world. Therefore, you must always achieve a sense of balance between the general and the particular. According to Bell and Corbett's The Little English Handbook, the three most important features of a paragraph (and unfortunately the most common errors as well) are unity, coherence, and adequate development. ACTIVITY: see if the above paragraph on essays like hills fits the following three criteria. If not, how would you fix it? Unity is the development of a single controlling idea usually presented in the topic sentence. Each sentence should somehow develop that idea and no other. A paragraph on the role of midwives in child-birth should not digress to child-rearing in the same paragraph. Thus, if you're typing a sentence in your draft that doesn't seem to fit where it is, keep it in but flag it somehow. During revision, you'll see whether there isn't a better spot for it or if it ought to be scrapped. Coherence is a quality where the writer makes it explicitly clear what the connections are between thoughts. In Latin, coherence basically means "to stick together." Make things stick together for your readers. You won't be there beside them saying "oh, this is what I meant." Tell them what you mean in writing! Don't think "but, that's obvious"--make it obvious by saying it. Bell and Corbett include the following tips for achieving coherence:
Adequate development is what it sounds like: fulfill what you promise in your topic sentence. If you say you will discuss several unusual items found in drugstores, then discuss several. Give your readers enough meat to chew on about the topic. What is adequate? Well, it's quite subjective but remember this little saying (sexist implications aside) from one of my early English teachers: "An essay or paragraph is like a woman's skirt: it should be long enough to cover the topic and short enough to be interesting."
Integrating sources into your body paragraphs is hard work but rewarding if done well. There are entire manuals devoted to it, and the links below will provide you with all the information you need on MLA vs. APA formats, parenthetical vs. footnoting styles, and in-depth examples and exercises on documentation. (You should of course always check with your professor about styles and formats before proceeding). But before we unleash you to those links, there are some basics:
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